Investigadores estadounidenses identificaron 11 genes que los parásitos de la malaria emplean para defenderse de los tratamientos estándar, un hallazgo que puede prolongar el efecto de los actuales fármacos o ayudar a desarrollar mejores.
Un equipo de la Universidad de Harvard y del Instituto Broad en Boston usó tecnología genética de avanzada para buscar el código de genes del parásito de la malaria, denominado Plasmodium falciparum, hallaron 10 genes anteriormente desconocidos que ayudan al parásito que se alberga en los mosquitos a desarrollar rápidamente resistencia a los tratamientos antipalúdicos, y confirmaron el rol de otro gen.
Agregar copias adicionales de apenas uno de estos genes, el PF10_0355, a un parásito aun vulnerable a los medicamentos contra la malaria lo vuelve más resistente a 3 terapias convencionales.
La identificación de las mutaciones asociadas con la resistencia a los fármacos ayuda a comprender cómo el parásito evade los efectos de algunos medicamentos, comenta la profesora Sarah Volkman, quien es Senior Research Scientist, del Department of Inmunology and Infectous Diseases, en Harvard School of Public Health.
Una vez que se conocen los procesos empleados por el parásito para evitar los efectos del tratamiento antipalúdico, los científicos podrán desarrollar nuevos medicamentos que superen las estrategias usadas por el parásito de la malaria resistente a la medicación estándar, comentó la prof. Volkman.
Los especialistas están buscando la forma de manipular genes como una manera de controlar la expansión de la malaria, una condición que afecta a más de 240 millones de personas y que provoca la muerte de unas 850.000 personas cada año, en su mayoría niños de Africa.
Otro grupo de investigadores reveló que halló una forma de manipular genéticamente amplias poblaciones de mosquitos, lo que finalmente permitió reducir drásticamente la expansión de la letal enfermedad. El equipo de Harvard y Broad analizó el código genético de 57 parásitos de tres continentes, y también midió las respuestas de los parásitos a 13 medicamentos antipalúdicos.
Los científicos observaron específicamente zonas del genoma que estaban evolucionando rápidamente, en busca de las variables relacionadas con la resistencia a los fármacos. Hallaron 11 genes.
El equipo señaló que el estudio ayudará a prolongar la vida de las medicinas existentes y contribuirá a la búsqueda de medicamentos que sean más efectivos a la hora de derrotar las defensas genéticas del parásito.
Fuente: Reuters Health
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